Journal of Applied Movement and Sport Science
Journal of Applied Movement and Sport Science (JAMSS) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research papers and reviews the fields of Physical Education, Sports Science, Tourism Sports, Traditional Sports, Sports Biomecanics, Sport Health, Sports Nutrition, Sports Psychology and Sports Exercises. Journal of Applied Movement and Sport Science published tree times a year by the Khatulistiwa Education Center in cooperation with Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Cirebon (Memorandum of Understanding No. 044/200.12.1/ADM/VI/2025). The journal is dedicated to promoting the advancement of sports science in the ASEAN region and beyond by providing a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to publish their research findings and share their knowledge with the broader scientific community. Journal of Applied Movement and Sport Science welcomes submissions from researchers, scientists, and academics in the ASEAN region and around the world. Journal of Applied Movement and Sport Science accepts submissions throughout the year. The manuscript template can be downloaded Here. Manuscript Published is written in standard English since Volume 1 Number 1, 2025.
The role of mindfulness in improving concentration and performance among players in the Iraqi second division football league
Background Attention to the psychological aspect of players has become an essential part of sports preparation programs, as many studies indicate that psychological abilities such as concentration, attention, and emotional control play an important role in achieving athletic accomplishment, especially in team sports such as football, which are characterized by rapid performance and multiple changing situations during the match. Objectives The research aims to identify the role of mindfulness in improving concentration and sports attention among football players. Methods The researcher used the descriptive method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (37) football players, To collect data, the researcher used a mindfulness scale and a sports concentration and attention scale, after verifying their validity and reliability. The analysis in this study was assisted using the SPSS 26 application. Results The results of the study showed that the dimension of attention to the present moment ranked first among the dimensions of mindfulness, with an agreement percentage of (80.88%), followed by the dimension of attention control with (73.71%), while the dimensions of awareness of feelings and thoughts and body awareness during performance recorded moderate percentages,The results also showed that the dimension of attention shifting ranked first among the dimensions of sports concentration and attention with (91.50%), followed by the dimension of response speed to stimuli with (82.42%). Conclusion The results further revealed the existence of statistically significant positive correlations between the dimensions of the mindfulness scale and the dimensions of the sports concentration and attention scale among football players. This indicates that the higher the level of mindfulness among players, the higher their level of concentration and attention during sports performance,In light of these results, the researcher recommended the importance of developing mindfulness skills among football players and incorporating them into psychological preparation programs, due to their important role in improving concentration, attention, and sports performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Jalal Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The impact of a Metaverse-based educational program and the development of educational and technological methodology for the gymnastics lesson
Background The importance of the study is due to the real-time interaction during the lesson and sharing with the members of the classroom together, and the presence of diverse spaces that are similar to or superior to real spaces in which virtual life is practiced. Time series coding of data for the educational process. Objectives The purpose of this paper is to how the metaverse affects the development of the technological methodology for the physical education lesson. Methods The researcher used the descriptive method within the framework of studies and theoretical literature related to the study and similar, and the experimental method by applying and analyzing the study variables, the study community was second-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and the research sample was selected from Section D and their number was (10) students, the scientific methodology of the study was to apply technological variables and augmented reality and virtual reality to the course of the physical education lesson by choosing to explain the gymnastics skill. Results The results were the sum of the average arithmetic mean for the physical education lesson with metaverse applications (2.96), the highest percentage of technological influence on the physical education lesson and data science standards at a rate of (5.6), the percentage of improvement in the use of metaverse applications at a rate of (40%) and the application of metaverse technologies in various games for physical education. Conclusion In conclusion, there is a statistically significant difference in the initial measurements of the experimental group regarding the percentage contribution of the metaverse application to the development of physical education courses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ameen Atta Hassan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
An analytical study of patterns of managing organizational conflicts of some popular Sports Club Presidents in Baghdad from the perspective of their employees
Background Sports clubs are among the most important examples of sports institutions where these organizational conflicts arise; due to the magnitude of the administrative, financial, and organizational challenges and difficulties they face, decision-makers in them must address these organizational conflicts in the best way possible if they want to be described as a successful president of the sports club. Objectives This study aimed to develop a scale for organizational conflict management styles for the presidents of popular sports clubs in Baghdad from the perspective of their employees, in order to assess the level of each of the five styles, which the researchers based on the Thomas-Kilmann (TKI) model of organizational conflict management styles. Methods The research scale was developed and applied to a sample of employees in popular sports clubs in Baghdad (administrative staff, technical staff, coaches) across (10) clubs, from which the researchers selected (200) employees as their study sample. The study sample was divided into (100) employees as a construction sample, (80) employees as a scale application sample, and (20) employees from sports clubs as an exploratory sample, representing (19.3%) of (1036) employees who make up the original population of the study of employees in sports clubs in Baghdad officially registered with the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The researchers used the descriptive method with an analytical approach due to its suitability to the nature of the study's problem, which was summarized in the variation and diversity in choosing the method and style of managing organizational conflicts by employees in sports clubs, and the absence of a prevailing pattern among them. Results After constructing the scale and applying it to the study sample, and based on what the research results revealed following statistical treatments, analysis, and discussion, the researchers concluded that there is a disparity in the levels of organizational conflict management styles in sports clubs. The style chosen by the heads of sports clubs is determined according to differences in organizational cultures and the type of conflict the clubs face, where the levels of each style (competitive, collaborative, and negotiation) appeared high, while the avoidance style was relatively low, and the adaptive style was at a moderate level. Conclusion Through the study results, the two researchers reached several recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of training the heads of sports clubs on various methods of managing modern organizational conflicts, and developing and enhancing the culture of dialogue and cooperation among employees within sports clubs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jasim Ali Mohammed, Mustafa Ismail Yasin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Measuring level of administrative transparency of sports federations heads and clubs in Qadisiyah governorate (From point of view of its employees)
Background Research questions What is level of practicing transparency of legislation among heads of sports federations and clubs in province of Qadisiya? What is level of transparency of Information Systems practiced by heads of sports federations and clubs in Qadisiya governorate? What is level of practice of transparency of communications among heads of sports federations and clubs in province of Qadisiya? What is level of practicing transparency of decision-making among heads of sports federations and clubs in Qadisiyah governorate? What is level of transparency of administrative accountability practiced by heads of sports federations and clubs in Qadisiyah governorate? What is level of practicing transparency of performance evaluation among heads of sports federations and clubs in province of Qadisiya? Objectives Study aims to identify level of administrative transparency practice among heads of sports federations and clubs in Qadisiyah governorate. Methods Method used the researcher used descriptive survey method with his steps and procedures. Research community the researcher identified research community of employees of sports federations and clubs, which number(237) individuals. Research sample: research sample was selected randomly from employees of sports federations and clubs, and research sample amounted to (197) individuals with (40) individuals for survey sample and(197) individuals for basic sample. Results Research conclusions there is a clear definition of duties and responsibilities of all specialists in sports federations and clubs, according to a job description, job title and purpose of job are determined, and required responsibilities. Sports federations and clubs do not take into account potential of their specialists when issuing regulations by developing capabilities and skills of employees in order to achieve these required goals. Conclusion Research recommendations adopting and spreading culture of administrative transparency in all its variables to become a basic approach in work of sports federations and clubs. Strengthening commitment to principle of transparency in sports federations and clubs through organization of seminars and conferences on transparency practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Kareem Finteel (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of a guidance program according to Enneagram model to strengthen psychological immunity among 100-200m runners in Wasit Education Directorate team
Background Athletics is one of sports that is characterized by intense competition due to its nature in which competitor exerts maximum physical and psychological effort, and these variables have multiple effects on achievement. Objectives This study aimed to develop a guidance program based on Enneagram for 100m and 200m runners from student teams participating in Wasit Education Directorate championships. research then sought to determine effectiveness of this program in strengthening psychological resilience of these runners. Methods Regarding research methodology, researcher used a descriptive approach. Survey method and correlational relationships were chosen to suit nature of problem and objectives of current study. Research population and sample were defined as middle school students participating in competitions organized by Sports and Scouting Activities Department of Wasit General Directorate of Education. Total number of students was 72, of whom 22 were randomly selected as main sample and 40 as application sample. After defining research variables, researcher developed a psychological immunity scale and then presented it to a group of experts and specialists in field of psychology to determine suitability of items to five dimensions of scale, as well as their clarity for respondent. After researcher conducted statistical tests for scale's validity, reliability, discriminatory power, and internal consistency, scale was finalized for use. Afterwards, researcher conducted a pilot study on a sample of 10 runners to confirm validity of scale. Then conducted main experiment, as it applied scale to sample, which amounted to 40 participating students as runners for that event. After converting responses into scores and using statistical methods, degree of psychological resilience possessed by sample was determined. Subsequently, a guidance program was initiated to enhance their psychological resilience, based on Enneagram model. This model, in turn, contributed to analyzing personality type of each individual in sample through a Thematic Apperception Test. Results Results showed that sample exhibited weaknesses in psychological immunity, emotional maturity, psychological well-being, positive thinking, and coping mechanisms for pressures they experience during competitions and training. Conclusion Among most prominent recommendations mentioned by researcher Physical education teachers were Guidance program lasted for eight weeks, with three sessions per week, focusing on how athletes can protect themselves from pressures and difficulties they encounter. After guidance sessions concluded, sample demonstrated their engagement with program's content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Muayyad Yahya Hamad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Pencak Silat as an extracurricular activity: A literature assessment of its significance in addressing the issues of character education in the 21st century
Background Education in the 21st century demands a paradigm shift from merely transferring knowledge to shaping individuals who are intellectually, emotionally, and socially competent. Schools are not only places where educational processes occur, but also where learning takes place. However, many schools still focus more on academic achievement than on non-academic values, which often leads to the neglect of character education such as students’ discipline, which is beginning to decline. Objectives This article aims to examine the role of pencak silat as an extracurricular activity in addressing the challenges of 21st-century education through a literature review approach. Methods The research method used in this study is a literature review, which is conducted by collecting, reading, examining, and analyzing various sources of literature relevant to the topic or issue being studied. Results Pencak silat, as a cultural heritage of the nation, holds great potential in character building and the development of students’ soft skills. Based on a review of various literature, it is found that pencak silat not only contributes to physical development but also instills values such as discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and nationalism. This article recommends that pencak silat be optimally utilized as part of a holistic character education strategy. The six articles used as references indicate that pencak silat is not merely a physical activity, but also a form of teaching that can significantly contribute to the development of students’ values and character. Conclusion Based on the review of the six articles above, it can be concluded that Pencak Silat contains elements of character education such as discipline, responsibility, and respect. Regular training in Pencak Silat instills perseverance and a strong fighting spirit. In addition, through social interaction in group training, students learn to cooperate and appreciate differences. Moreover, 21st-century education demands the mastery of soft skills. In Pencak Silat, students are trained to focus, think strategically, and manage their emotions. These values are highly relevant to the demands of today’s workforce and the complexities of social life. As an extracurricular activity, Pencak Silat plays a strategic role in addressing the challenges of 21st-century education. Through a literature-based approach, it is found that Pencak Silat not only supports the development of students’ character and soft skills, but also strengthens the nation's cultural identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jefrio Nubatonis, Salmon Runesi , Ronal Dwi Ardian Fufu, Xander Faldo Ribut Alexander, Muhamad Husein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Motivational perseverance and its relationship to football teams school results in Wasit
Background Most educational processes focus on curricula and methods from a theoretical perspective that relies on academic content that deals with student's intellectual processing and does not give balanced importance to student's psychology and psychological factors called student's motivational factors, which can have a greater impact on student's learning and orientation than cognitive ones towards lessons. Objectives Identifying psychological trends and levels of motivational perseverance among students in school teams, and relationship between motivational perseverance and results. From perspective of school students and sports teams. Methods To achieve these objectives, the researcher used descriptive method with a survey approach. The researcher identified research population as 110 students of school football teams in Wasit and selected samples as follows: 10 students for a pilot study, 100 students for construction sample, and 45 students for experimental sample, who were part of the construction sample. After completing scale and extracting scientific foundations, motivational perseverance scale was 48 items distributed across 6 domains. In light of results, guidance program was built according to students' psychological needs. After identifying educational needs, research results were presented, analyzed, and discussed. Results The researcher reached that scale achieved a true measurement of research sample, which helped researcher to know level of students with studied psychological variables and to identify students’ needs, psychological guidance program proved effective in improving motivational perseverance and its relationship to school team results due to changes it brought about in students' knowledge of motivational perseverance and their behavior on field, Significant differences emerged between three groups, favoring second experimental group. Conclusion Among most prominent recommendations mentioned by researcher Physical education teachers were urged to give importance to guidance programs because of their effective role, psychological counseling programs due to their effective role in modifying students' behavior towards other sporting activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Rabie Abdel Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluating reality of modern teaching strategies used by faculty members in teaching methods in physical education subject from perspective of third-year students at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
Background Teaching methods in education is a crucial subject that plays a significant role in improving students' levels and capabilities, particularly upon graduation and their integration into teaching process. It also helps them learn how to interact with students and deliver curriculum effectively. The use of modern teaching strategies by teachers plays a major role in developing students' higher-order thinking skills, which aligns with essential requirements of active learning, a student-centered approach. Teaching strategies at Department of Physical Education and Sports Science are acquired due to nature of subjects, which are always a blend of theoretical and practical material. Objectives The study aimed to accurately identify current practices used by faculty members in subject of teaching methods to ensure correct application of modern teaching strategies. It also aimed to identify strengths and weaknesses in areas where these modern teaching strategies are effective or weak, and to offer suggestions and recommendations for improving teaching methods based on findings. Methods The study focused on third-year students at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and on 155 students (male and female), representing 100% of sample. Population was selected from third-year students enrolled in morning program at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University. Sample was distributed across different groups. The study recommended necessity of training faculty members in modern teaching strategies and their practical application within teaching methods course at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Results The study recommended necessity of training faculty members in modern teaching strategies and their practical application within teaching methods course at Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also recommended encouraging faculty members to diversify their motivational and discussion methods to ensure and facilitate participation of all students in educational process and to stimulate their critical and creative thinking. Conclusion Finally, it recommended improving academic supervision programs and facilitating exchange of expertise among faculty members to share best practices in implementing active and collaborative learning strategies. Need to use modern educational technologies within classroom in a way that is consistent with and helps philosophy of active education and increases student interaction and comprehension of material.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaki Mardan Omar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Circuit training on VO2max physical condition: How does it affect handball athletes?
Background Handball is an intermittent, high-intensity sport that demands sustained aerobic capacity to maintain optimal performance during training and competition. Adequate VO2max levels are therefore essential for athletes to cope with repeated bouts of explosive movement and prolonged physical exertion. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a circuit training method in improving physical condition, specifically VO2max levels, among handball athletes. Methods An experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed. The participants consisted of 15 athletes from the Sambas district handball team, aged 20–25 years, selected through purposive sampling. The athletes completed a structured circuit training program implemented across 12 sessions with a frequency of three sessions per week. VO2max was assessed before and after the intervention using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26. Results The findings revealed a significant improvement in VO2max following the circuit training program, with a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05). These results indicate that circuit training is effective in enhancing aerobic capacity among handball athletes Conclusion Circuit training provides a substantial positive impact on VO2max development in handball players, supporting its use as a conditioning strategy to improve overall physical performance. This study contributes empirical evidence on the effectiveness of circuit-based conditioning for intermittent sports. The results offer practical insights for coaches and sport practitioners in designing targeted training programs aligned with the physiological demands of handball athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roy Ardian, Julian Dewantara, Qays Banwan Shareef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Stimulation of physical fitness through traditional games in elementary school students: A systematic review in Indonesia
Background Physical fitness plays a crucial role in supporting elementary school students’ ability to engage in learning activities without experiencing excessive fatigue. Adequate fitness levels enable students to maintain concentration and participate actively in school tasks. In Indonesia, information regarding the physical fitness of elementary school children remains limited, despite its importance for promoting overall health and learning readiness. Objectives This systematic review aims to examine the existing scientific literature on the role of traditional games as a learning strategy to improve physical fitness among elementary school students in Indonesia. Methods A systematic search was conducted across four major databases—ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed. The search strategy employed a combination of keywords, including (“traditional games” OR “play model”) AND “physical fitness” AND “students” AND “elementary school.” The review process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, including screening, eligibility assessment, and data extraction from relevant studies. Results The findings indicate that traditional games positively contribute to improving students’ physical fitness. These games are typically designed using a play-based approach and incorporate activities aligned with children’s fundamental motor skills and developmental stages. Improvements occur because traditional games encourage active participation, increase movement engagement, and support effective fitness development within physical education settings. Conclusion Traditional games represent an effective and culturally relevant strategy for enhancing physical fitness among elementary school students in Indonesia. Their integration into physical education classes can promote active learning and contribute to better health outcomes. This review provides comprehensive evidence on the pedagogical value of traditional games in improving children’s physical fitness, highlights their relevance for culturally grounded physical education practices, and offers insights for researchers, educators, and policymakers seeking to optimize school-based fitness interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Didi Suryadi, Danail Ivanov, Zulnadila Zulnadila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physical condition levels of futsal extracurricular students at YLPI Perhentian Marpoyan Junior High School
Background The background of this research lies in the need to understand the physical condition of students participating in futsal extracurricular activities, as optimal physical fitness is essential for supporting performance in a fast-paced sport such as futsal. Evaluating students’ physical condition is necessary to identify their strengths and weaknesses across several fitness components relevant to gameplay. Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the overall level of physical condition among futsal extracurricular students at YLPI Perhentian Marpoyan Junior High School. Methods This research employed a descriptive quantitative design. The participants consisted of 15 futsal extracurricular students selected through a total sampling technique. Data were collected through a series of physical fitness tests, including a 30-meter sprint test to measure speed, a shuttle run test to assess agility, a standing long jump test to measure leg explosive power, a wall squat test to measure muscular endurance, and a 15-minute run test to evaluate cardiorespiratory endurance. To get an overall classification, the test results were put into standardized scoring categories and then analyzed. Results The results indicated that the students achieved an average final physical condition score of 2.5, rounded to 3, which is categorized as Fair. These findings indicate that although students possess basic physical abilities, their overall physical condition remains insufficient to meet the demands of futsal performance. Conclusion The study concludes that students require improvement through structured and consistent training, which points to the importance of enhanced fitness development programs within the extracurricular futsal setting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galuh Rahman Pamungkas, Rices Jatra, Zsolt Németh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The contribution of leg muscle power and eye-foot coordination to the accuracy of futsal shooting of students
Background Shooting accuracy is a fundamental skill in futsal, yet preliminary observations at State Junior High School 35 Pekanbaru showed that students still demonstrate low shooting performance, indicated by weak ball power, inaccurate ball direction, and poor foot–ball contact. These symptoms suggest inadequate leg muscle power and insufficient eye–foot coordination, which may inhibit students’ ability to perform accurate shots. Objectives This study aims to analyze the contribution of leg muscle power and eye–foot coordination to futsal shooting accuracy among students at State Junior High School 35 Pekanbaru. Methods This research employed a multiple-correlation design involving 15 students selected through total sampling. Leg muscle power was measured using the standing broad jump test, eye–foot coordination was assessed with a coordination test, and shooting accuracy was evaluated through a futsal shooting test. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple correlation techniques. Results The findings show that leg muscle power significantly contributes to shooting accuracy (r = 0.799; contribution = 63.84%). Eye–foot coordination also shows a significant contribution (r = 0.615; contribution = 37.82%). Simultaneously, both variables provide a substantial combined contribution to shooting accuracy (r = 0.800; contribution = 64%). Conclusion In conclusion, leg muscle power and eye–foot coordination are decisive determinants of students’ futsal shooting accuracy. The study contributes to educational practice by emphasizing the need for targeted physical and coordination training to support students’ motor skills development, thereby enhancing their confidence, engagement, and overall well-being through sports participation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abiyyu Jikaladha Imka, Rices Jatra, Procopio B. Dafun JR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Efforts to improve speed in non-professional athletes: An application of plyometric training in badminton
Background Speed is one of the most important physical components in badminton as it determines an athlete’s ability to respond to attacks and return the shuttlecock to areas that are difficult for opponents to reach. Athletes with optimal speed can control the game’s tempo and increase their chances of winning. One effective method to improve speed is plyometric training, which utilizes explosive muscle contractions to optimize strength and power. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effect of plyometric training on improving the speed of non-professional badminton athletes. Methods A pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach was employed. The participants were 15 non-professional female athletes aged 20–25 years, all with normal blood pressure and resting heart rates. The training program consisted of box jump, box shuffle, and squat jump, conducted three times per week for six weeks (a total of 18 sessions). Speed was measured before and after the intervention using the 30-meter running test. Data were analyzed using a paired-sample t-test with a 5% significance level. Results The results showed a significant improvement in mean speed from 4.49 ± 0.17 seconds to 4.14 ± 0.21 seconds (p ≤ 0.001). It is concluded that a structured plyometric training program effectively increases the speed of non-professional badminton athletes. Conclusion The contribution of this study is to provide empirical evidence for coaches and athletes that plyometric training can be integrated into physical conditioning programs as a strategy to optimize on-court performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulnadila Zulnadila, Palizha Kulaijiang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of a 12-week structured training program on performance improvement in recreational male tennis players (NTRP 2.5): Controlled experimental study
Background Low skill levels among beginner recreational tennis players often pose a major obstacle to developing basic techniques, stroke consistency, and understanding of game strategy. This situation can lead to low motivation to play and slow overall performance progress. One potential approach to addressing this issue is through the implementation of a structured, planned training program that takes place over an adequate period of time. Objectives This study aims to test the effectiveness of a 12-week structured tennis training program on improving the performance of male recreational tennis players with a National Tennis Rating Program (NTRP) rating of 2.5. Methods The study uses a quasi-experimental design with 100 participants evenly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group participated in a structured training program that included basic technique drills, tennis-specific physical training, and game simulations, while the control group only engaged in routine training without a strict structure. Performance data was collected through pre-test and post-test measurements, including shot accuracy, rally consistency, and response speed. Data analysis was performed using paired t-tests, ANOVA, and Cohen’s d effect size calculations. Results The results of the study showed that the experimental group experienced a significant improvement in performance (p < 0.001; d = 1.99) with higher effectiveness compared to the control group (d = 0.72). Conclusion The conclusion of this study is that a structured 12-week tennis training program can significantly improve the basic skills of beginner recreational tennis players. The contribution of this research is to provide a scientific basis for coaches and tennis clubs in designing evidence-based training programs that are effective in accelerating skill development and increasing active participation at the recreational level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roy Ardian, Qays Banwan Shareef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The accuracy level of shooting using the instep and inside foot among extracurricular football students
Background Shooting accuracy is a fundamental skill in football, directly influencing scoring opportunities and overall game performance. Observations during training sessions of the extracurricular football program at SMK Negeri 4 Pekanbaru indicated that many students struggled to execute accurate shots using both the instep and inside foot, often missing the intended target. Such technical inconsistencies can hinder the development of optimal performance in competitive play. Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy level of shooting using the instep and inside foot among extracurricular football students at SMK Negeri 4 Pekanbaru. Methods A descriptive quantitative research design was employed, with a sample of 20 students selected from the program. The data were collected using a standardized shooting test incorporating both techniques. Each student’s performance was assessed, and scores were averaged and categorized according to established criteria Results The analysis revealed that the combined average score for shooting accuracy using the two techniques was 18.93, which falls into the “fair” category. These results suggest that while students possess basic competence in shooting, there remains substantial room for improvement in precision and consistency. Conclusion In conclusion, the overall shooting accuracy among the participants is at a fair level, highlighting the need for targeted skill-based training to enhance both instep and inside foot shooting techniques. This study contributes to school football coaching strategies by providing baseline data to design more focused, technique-specific training interventions aimed at improving performance in extracurricular football programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fitra Ramadani, Rices Jatra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Contribution of leg muscle power and eye-foot coordination to football shooting results in PS UIR athletes
Background Shooting is one of the fundamental techniques that determine success in football, serving as the primary key to scoring goals and winning matches. Shooting performance is influenced not only by technical skills but also by the player’s physical condition. Two physical components that are suspected to have a significant impact are leg muscle power and eye–foot coordination. Objectives This study aims to determine the extent of the contribution of leg muscle power and eye–foot coordination to shooting performance among PS UIR athletes. Methods The research employed a correlational method with a multiple correlation design. The population consisted of all PS UIR athletes, totaling 22 individuals, all of whom were included as the sample using a total sampling technique. The research instruments included the standing broad jump test to measure leg muscle power, an eye–foot coordination test, and a football shooting test. Results The results indicate that: (1) leg muscle power contributed 43.69% to shooting performance (r = 0.661 > r-table = 0.423), (2) eye–foot coordination contributed 32.83% (r = 0.573 > r-table = 0.423), and (3) the combined contribution of both variables reached 50.41% (r = 0.710 > r-table = 0.423). Conclusion It is concluded that leg muscle power and eye–foot coordination have a significant influence on shooting performance. These findings provide practical implications for coaches and athletes in designing more targeted and evidence-based training programs to improve shooting effectiveness during matches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yusup Agus Setiawan, Rices Jatra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Pencak Silat Extracurricular Activities in Student Character Building: A Literature Review as a Theoretical Approach
Background Extracurricular activities in schools play an important role in student character building, one of which is pencak silat. This study aims to analyze the influence of pencak silat extracurricular activities on student character building through a literature review approach. Objectives This study reveals that pencak silat not only develops physical abilities, but also values of discipline, responsibility, and respect for others. Through literature analysis, this study concludes that pencak silat can be an effective medium in student character building. Methods Research method This research uses a literature review approach by analyzing various secondary sources such as relevant journals, books, and articles. The analysis process involves identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing findings related to pencak silat and character building. Results The results of this study show that pencak silat extracurricular activities contribute significantly to student character building. The values taught in pencak silat include discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and respect, which are important for students' character development. Therefore, schools need to support this activity as an integral part of character education. Conclusion Based on a literature review, extracurricular pencak silat activities contribute significantly to student character development. The values taught in pencak silat include discipline, responsibility, cooperation, and respect, which are essential for student character development. Therefore, schools need to support these activities as an integral part of character education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jefrio Demitrimus Nubatonis, Dwi Manna Nasmi Dzakiyyah, Muhamad Husein, Zsolt Németh, Procopio B. Dafun JR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sodium bicarbonate supplementation and its impact on endurance performance: A PRISMA-guided systematic review
Background Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) has gained substantial attention as an ergogenic aid due to its buffering capacity, which helps mitigate exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. Its use has been widely explored in high-intensity sports where the accumulation of hydrogen ions contributes to early muscle fatigue and decreased performance. Objectives This systematic review aims to synthesize current empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate supplementation in enhancing endurance-related performance outcomes, with a particular focus on its role in delaying muscle fatigue during exercise. Methods A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Article identification and selection employed the PICO framework. Relevant studies were retrieved from Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed using the keywords “sodium bicarbonate,” “endurance,” “performance,” and “muscle fatigue.” Nine peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed descriptively to evaluate the effects of sodium bicarbonate on athletic performance. Results The findings indicate that sodium bicarbonate supplementation can enhance performance, particularly in high-intensity and short-to-medium-duration activities. However, its effectiveness is highly context-dependent and influenced by exercise modality, duration and intensity, athlete training status, and supplementation protocol—including dosage, timing, and individual physiological tolerance. Several studies employed relatively small and homogeneous samples, limiting the generalizability of the results. Conclusion Sodium bicarbonate shows consistent potential as an ergogenic supplement for improving endurance-related performance by attenuating metabolic fatigue. Nonetheless, its benefits are not uniform across all athletes or sport types. Optimal outcomes appear to require individualized dosing strategies and sport-specific application. This review provides an updated synthesis of evidence on sodium bicarbonate supplementation and highlights critical variables that moderate its effectiveness. The study underscores the need for individualized supplementation protocols and encourages future research employing larger, more diverse athlete populations and standardized ergogenic assessment methods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syahrizal Islam, Muhamad Husein, Jefrio Demetrimus Nubatoni, Ulfatul Azizah Awaliyyah, Gilang Gemilang Muti, Ardan Raditya Dwi Atmaja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The impact of playing method for shooting ability: A study on female basketball athletes
Background. The effectiveness of teaching methods in sports education has always been a key area of interest for improving athlete performance. One such method, the play method, is gaining attention for its potential to enhance physical skills while maintaining engagement and enjoyment. Objectives. This study explores the impact of the play method on improving shooting ability among female basketball athletes. Methods. This study was conducted on 37 female participants from a local basketball team, using a pretest-posttest design to assess changes in shooting performance. The tools in this study collected data directly from tests and measurements conducted on the basketball court. Students in this study practiced the basic technique (shooting at the basketball hoop) for 1 minute, which was repeated three times to achieve the best results. SPSS Version 26 was used to help analyze the data in this study. Results. The results revealed a significant improvement, with the mean pretest shooting score of 72.81 rising to 81.64 in the posttest, representing an 8.83-point increase. Statistical analysis confirmed that the data followed a normal distribution, and the play method had a statistically significant effect on shooting ability (p < 0.05). The findings highlight the value of integrating play-based techniques into sports training, particularly in youth and amateur sports settings. Conclusion. This study contributes to the existing body of research by demonstrating that the play method is not only effective in enhancing fundamental skills, such as shooting, but also provides an enjoyable and interactive approach to learning. By offering an alternative to traditional drills, the play method fosters motivation, improves skill acquisition, and can make sports education more accessible and enjoyable for athletes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roy Ardian, Matthew Szczepocki, Zaniar Dwi Prihatin Ciptadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The role of nutrition in athletic performance: A systematic review of eating behavior and dietary intake patterns
Background. Nutrition plays a crucial role in optimizing athletic performance, recovery, and overall well-being. Proper dietary intake and eating behavior directly influence an athlete’s energy levels, endurance, and ability to perform at peak capacity. Objectives. This systematic review explores the relationship between eating habits, dietary intake patterns, and athletic performance by analyzing relevant literature. Methods. The study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, utilizing databases such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed. A total of eight studies were selected based on their relevance to caloric intake, eating behavior, and performance outcomes in athletes. Results. The findings highlight that many athletes fail to meet their caloric needs, often due to poor eating habits and a lack of nutritional knowledge. This deficiency can lead to energy imbalance, impaired recovery, increased injury risk, and reliance on supplements to compensate for inadequate dietary intake. Additionally, restrictive eating patterns and misguided dietary practices contribute to eating disorders and suboptimal athletic performance. Conclusion. This review underscores the importance of nutritional education and structured dietary planning in sports to ensure optimal energy availability, performance sustainability, and long-term athlete health. Implementing personalized nutrition strategies and raising awareness of proper eating habits could significantly enhance athletic performance and well-being.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zsolt Németh, Swamynathan Sanjaykumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Analysis of Athlete Endurance: A Study on Female Volleyball Athletes
Background. Endurance plays a crucial role in determining an athlete’s performance, especially in high-intensity sports such as volleyball, which requires repeated bursts of activity, rapid directional changes, and sustained physical effort. VO2max, an indicator of aerobic capacity, is a key factor influencing endurance levels. However, many volleyball clubs lack structured monitoring and training programs to optimize VO2max development. Objectives. This study aims to analyze the VO2max endurance levels of female volleyball athletes from the Nomen Nascio and Brojomusti clubs in Pontianak. Methods. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing a survey method with Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 as the primary instrument for measuring VO2max. The study involved 55 female volleyball athletes, consisting of 40 athletes from Nomen Nascio and 15 from Brojomusti. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to interpret the VO2max levels among participants. Results. The results indicated that 57.5% of Nomen Nascio athletes fell into the poor category, while only 10% were classified as good. In contrast, the Brojomusti club exhibited better endurance levels, with 40% categorized as good and 6.7% as excellent. The findings emphasize the need for targeted endurance training programs to improve VO2max, particularly for clubs with lower endurance levels. Conclusion. Coaches and sports practitioners can utilize these insights to design structured, sport-specific training regimens that enhance overall athletic performance and long-term player development. This study contributes to the field of sports science by providing empirical evidence on the endurance levels of female volleyball athletes and highlighting the disparities in VO2max between different clubs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yolanda Yolanda, Mimi Haetami, Novi Yanti, Athraa Abdulelah Abdulsatar, Musab Mohammed Abdullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Application of plyometric training: How does it affect throwing strength and speed in handball?
Background. Handball demands balanced physical abilities in every aspect. Throwing power is one of the key factors in this sport because it plays a role in scoring goals, making passes, and increasing the speed of the game. Objectives. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of plyometric training on the throwing power of handball athletes. Methods. This study uses an experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This research was conducted at Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines. The sampling technique used perposive sampling, so that all 15 athletes in the team aged 17-22 years were used as research samples. The treatment given was in the form of plyometric training for 4 weeks with a frequency of three times per week. Data collection was carried out using a strength test with the Medicine Ball Javelin Quadrathlon instrument. Data analysis was carried out with the help of the SPSS version 26 application. Results. Based on data analysis, there is a significant difference between the average pretest score (19.93) and posttest score (22.00), showing an increase of 2.07. The significance test results show a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), which indicates that plyometric training is significantly effective in increasing strength and throwing speed in handball. Conclusion. The results of this study prove that plyometric training is effective in increasing the strength and speed of a ball throw in handball. Therefore, plyometric training can be applied as a training method to develop the performance of athletes in this sport.
Copyright (c) 2025 Procopio B. Dafun JR, Joselito M. Custodio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
The role of play in shaping early childhood character: A systematic literature review
Background. Early childhood character development plays a crucial role in the educational process. However, in practice, it is often overlooked. The concept of "learning through play and playing while learning" is fundamental to children's education. Play serves as a vital tool for stimulating various aspects of child development, including religious and moral values, cognitive abilities, language skills, social-emotional growth, physical-motor skills, and artistic expression. Objectives. This study aims to explore the role of play in fostering character development in children. Providing children with opportunities to engage in play allows them to internalize positive character traits effectively. Methods. This study employs a library research approach, utilizing secondary data obtained from previous studies rather than direct observations. A total of 13 national journals discussing children's character development were analyzed. These journals were sourced from Google Scholar using the keyword (“children's character development”). Results. Based on the reviewed literature, it can be concluded that play is highly effective in fostering children's character development. The findings highlight three key aspects: (1)The role of play and physical activities in shaping children's character.(2) The importance of character development in early childhood.(3) The influence of education and parental involvement in character-building. Conclusion. The study results indicate that integrating play into sports-based learning significantly contributes to early childhood character formation. Through sports, children develop essential values such as responsibility, mutual respect, perseverance, teamwork, and integrity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Didi Suryadi, Zsolt Németh, Julian Dewantara, Muhammad Daffa Haidar, Nur Khozanah Ilmah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/