Indonesian Journal Of Exercise Therapy And Rehabilitation
Indonesian Journal Of Exercise Therapy And Rehabilitation (InJETER) is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research papers and reviews the fields of physical therapy, physical rehabilitation, exercise therapy, sport therapy, and sports health. Indonesian Journal Of Exercise Therapy And Rehabilitation published tree times a year by the CV. Khatulistiwa Education Center (registered with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights on February 25, 2025 with the number AHU-0020920-AH). The journal is dedicated to promoting the advancement of sports and health science in the ASEAN region and beyond by providing a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to publish their research findings and share their knowledge with the broader scientific community. Indonesian Journal Of Exercise Therapy And Rehabilitation welcomes submissions from researchers, scientists, and academics in the ASEAN region and around the world.
Effectiveness Of Frirage Massage Therapy And Exercise Therapy Improving Ankle Joint ROM After Chronic Ankle Injury In Futsal Athletes Jogokaryan Academy
Background Chronic ankle injury is a common problem among futsal athletes due to repetitive high-intensity movements and rapid changes of direction. This condition often results in limited ankle joint range of motion (ROM), functional impairment, and an increased risk of recurrent injury. Effective rehabilitation strategies that integrate manual therapy and therapeutic exercise are therefore essential to restore ankle function. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a combined intervention consisting of frirage massage therapy and exercise therapy in improving ankle joint range of motion in futsal athletes with chronic ankle injury. Methods A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted involving 11 futsal athletes with chronic ankle injury, selected using purposive sampling. Participants received a combined intervention of frirage massage therapy followed by exercise therapy. Ankle joint range of motion, including plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion, was measured using a goniometer before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, depending on data normality, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results The results showed significant improvements in ankle joint range of motion following the intervention (p < 0.05). Increases were observed in plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion ROM, with the greatest percentage improvement noted in eversion movement. These findings indicate that the combined intervention effectively enhanced ankle joint mobility in athletes with chronic ankle injury. Conclusion The combination of frirage massage therapy and exercise therapy is effective in improving ankle joint range of motion in futsal athletes with chronic ankle injury. This integrated approach may serve as a practical and applicable rehabilitation strategy to support functional recovery and reduce the risk of recurrent ankle injuries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prabu Dhimaringtyaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Coffee Consumption on VO2max and Heart Rate in Sports Science Students at Yogyakarta State University
Background Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and is known for its caffeine content, which has been recognized as a legal ergogenic aid capable of influencing physical performance and cardiovascular responses. Although numerous studies have examined caffeine supplementation, limited evidence exists regarding the effects of coffee consumption as a natural caffeine source on aerobic capacity and heart rate responses, particularly in physically active populations. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effects of coffee consumption on maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and heart rate responses during and after aerobic exercise among sports science students. Methods A quasi-experimental study with a repeated-measures design was conducted involving 25 physically active sports science students. Participants completed two conditions: a control condition without coffee consumption and an experimental condition with coffee consumption, separated by a 48-hour washout period. VO₂max was estimated using the Multistage Fitness Test, while heart rate was measured at rest, immediately after exercise, and during recovery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results The results showed a significant increase in VO₂max following coffee consumption compared with the control condition (p < 0.001). Coffee intake also resulted in significantly higher resting and post-exercise heart rate values (p < 0.001). Furthermore, heart rate recovery at 10 and 15 minutes post-exercise was significantly faster in the coffee condition compared with the non-coffee condition (p < 0.05). Conclusion Coffee consumption significantly improves aerobic capacity and modulates cardiovascular responses during and after exercise. These findings indicate that coffee, as a natural source of caffeine, may serve as an effective ergogenic aid for enhancing aerobic performance and cardiovascular recovery in physically active individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Achmad Faishal Akbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Diagonal Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Movement on Shoulder Joint Range of Motion in Basketball Players with Chronic Shoulder Injuries
Background Chronic shoulder injury is a common condition among basketball athletes due to repetitive overhead movements and high mechanical demands on the shoulder joint. One of the primary functional consequences of chronic shoulder injury is a reduction in shoulder range of motion (ROM), which may interfere with sport-specific performance and rehabilitation outcomes. Exercise-based interventions that emphasize functional movement patterns are therefore essential to restore optimal shoulder mobility in athletes. Objectives This study aimed to examine the effect of diagonal proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) exercises on shoulder range of motion in basketball athletes with chronic shoulder injury. Methods A randomized controlled trial with a pretest–posttest control group design was conducted involving 28 male basketball athletes with chronic shoulder injury. Participants were randomly assigned to a diagonal PNF intervention group (n = 14) or a control group (n = 14). The intervention group performed diagonal PNF exercises (D1 and D2 patterns) three times per week for one week, while the control group continued routine activities without additional intervention. Shoulder ROM, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation, was measured using a goniometer before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using paired-sample and independent-sample t-tests with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results The diagonal PNF intervention group showed significant improvements in shoulder extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation (p < 0.05). No significant improvement was observed in shoulder flexion between groups (p > 0.05). Posttest comparisons indicated that the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater ROM gains than the control group in most movement directions. Conclusion Diagonal proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises are effective in improving shoulder range of motion in basketball athletes with chronic shoulder injury. These findings support the use of diagonal PNF as a functional and sport-specific rehabilitation strategy to enhance shoulder mobility in athletic populations.
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Copyright (c) 2025 Zufar Alfen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Level Of Body Composition Identification And Postural Assesment At Vertebre In Celebrity Fitness Solo Paragon
Background The increasing popularity of fitness centers as a means of promoting physical health has highlighted the importance of comprehensive physical assessments prior to exercise prescription. Body composition and postural assessment, particularly of the vertebral column, play a crucial role in identifying health risks, optimizing training programs, and preventing musculoskeletal injuries. However, empirical studies integrating both assessments in commercial fitness center settings remain limited, especially in Indonesia. Objectives This study aimed to identify the body composition profile and vertebral postural characteristics of members at Celebrity Fitness Solo Paragon. Methods A descriptive quantitative research design was employed. The participants consisted of 40 active fitness center members (20 males and 20 females) selected using purposive sampling. Body composition was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) with the Tanita SC-330 device, while vertebral postural assessment was conducted using the go-Xpro application. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as means, frequencies, and percentages. Results The results indicated that the majority of members exhibited suboptimal body composition, particularly in body fat percentage, muscle mass, hydration status, and bone mass. Male members tended to have higher body weight, muscle mass, basal metabolic rate, and degree of obesity compared to female members. Although most participants demonstrated normal vertebral alignment, a considerable proportion presented with postural deviations, including lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis. Conclusion The findings demonstrate that body composition and postural abnormalities are prevalent among fitness center members. Integrating comprehensive body composition and vertebral postural assessments as routine screening procedures is essential to support individualized exercise programming, injury prevention, and health promotion in fitness center settings.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tika Amalia (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance Improvement and Physiological Adaptation: A Literature Review
Background Physical performance and physiological capacity are crucial determinants of success in various sports disciplines. Athletes and physically active students require training programs that effectively enhance muscle strength, power, flexibility, and neuromuscular efficiency. Plyometric training is a method emphasizing explosive muscle contractions through the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC), a rapid eccentric–concentric sequence that promotes neuromuscular coordination, motor unit efficiency, and increased muscle power. Physiological adaptations from plyometric training include elevated electromyographic (EMG) activity, greater muscle torque, and improved tendon elasticity. Objectives This literature review aims to comprehensively examine the effects of plyometric training on physical performance and physiological adaptations. Methods The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and applied the PICO framework to identify relevant studies using the Scopus database. From 963 identified articles, four met the inclusion criteria, consisting of two true experimental designs, one randomized controlled trial, and one quasi-experimental design. Results The findings indicate that plyometric training consistently improves strength, power, speed, and neuromuscular efficiency. Variations in training forms such as jump-to-box, knee tuck jump, and sand-based plyometric exercises produced different effects on muscle strength and flexibility, yet all contributed to enhanced functional performance and muscle mass development. Conclusion In conclusion, plyometric training is an effective method to improve physical performance and physiological adaptations by optimizing neuromuscular system function. This training approach can be applied broadly to athletes and students, provided that intensity and duration are appropriately adjusted to maximize results while minimizing injury risks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Azzam Ayyasy, Baihaqi Agung Iman Tohari, Panggung Sutapa, Prijo Sudibjo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Mechanisms of Tendon Weakness and Strengthening Techniques: A Systematic Literature Review
Background Tendon weakness contributes to musculoskeletal injuries, especially in athletes and active individuals. Understanding tendon damage mechanisms and strengthening strategies is important for prevention and rehabilitation. Objectives This systematic review aims to evaluate factors causing tendon laxity as well as strengthening strategies through mechanical loading, exercise, and nutrition. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, a literature search was conducted across databases from Scopus, PubMed, WOS, and ScienceDirect. Results Results suggest that excessive mechanical strain, poor tendon adaptation, and muscle-tendon imbalance contribute to tendon weakening and increase the risk of injury. Eccentric training, isometric loading, and personalized tendon loading are effective in increasing tendon endurance. Collagen supplementation with vitamin C also supports tendon adaptation. Conclusion However, variability in study methodology and limitations of long-term analysis hinder standardized protocols. An approach that combines mechanical loading, targeted training, and optimal nutrition is necessary to improve tendon health. Further research is needed to refine the intervention protocol and evaluate its long-term impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Procopio B. Dafun JR, John Paul C Suniga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Static Stretching Before Exercise on Physical Performance: A Literature Review
Background Various studies have explored the effects of static stretching on physical performance, but the results are still mixed. Some studies indicate that static stretching can decrease several aspects of performance such as speed, agility, and balance, while others have found that static stretching can increase muscle torque and movement economy in endurance activities. Objectives Therefore, this study aims to review the scientific literature regarding the effect of static stretching before exercise on physical performance. Methods The literature search was conducted using the Harzing Publish or Perish application following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. After applying exclusion criteria, only nine articles met the criteria and are described further. Results The results indicate that static stretching before exercise can have a positive impact on muscle torque and movement economy, but is less beneficial for sports that require speed and rapid changes of direction. The effects of static stretching are highly dependent on the duration, intensity, and type of exercise performed afterward. Therefore, the choice of warm-up method must be tailored to the specific needs of the individual or the sport being pursued Conclusion Some limitations in this review include the limited number of studies and methodological variations in the studies analyzed. Further studies using meta-analysis and literature mapping (bibliometric and scientometric) approaches are needed to understand research trends in this field and develop recommendations based on scientific evidence regarding the application of static extension in various sports.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhamad Rafli, Bazuri Fadillah Amin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Water Immersion at 15°C, 25°C, and 40°C on Fatigue Levels in Futsal Athletes at Yogyakarta State University
Background Muscle fatigue is a common condition experienced by athletes after intensive training or competition. One widely used recovery method is water immersion at various temperatures, which is believed to help reduce fatigue levels. Objectives This study aims to determine the effectiveness of water immersion at temperatures of 15°C, 25°C, and 40°C on fatigue levels in futsal athletes at Yogyakarta State University. Methods This study used a quasi-experimental method with a three-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 12 athletes divided into three treatment groups based on the immersion temperature. Fatigue measurements were conducted before and after treatment using the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. Data were analyzed using normality tests, homogeneity tests, paired t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. Results The results showed that all three groups experienced a significant reduction in fatigue (p < 0.05), with the 15°C immersion group showing the highest effectiveness (87.5%) compared to the 40°C and 25°C groups. ANOVA test showed a significant difference between groups (p = 0.031), with the Post Hoc test indicating that the temperature of 15°C was significantly better than the temperatures of 40°C and 25°C. Conclusion It can be concluded that water immersion at a temperature of 15°C is the most effective recovery method in reducing acute muscle fatigue in futsal athletes. These findings can be used as a basis for developing efficient and applicable post-exercise recovery strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arin Atman Zuhri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis Biomechanics on Three Point Shooting and Preventive Training Strategies For Lower Risk Shoulder Injury
Background Three-Point Shooting Movement To Reach Effective and efficient techniques to reduce the risk of shoulder injury. Objectives The purpose of this study was to analyze the motion of three-point shooting. The research method used was quantitative with a descriptive approach. Methods The research method used was quantitative with a descriptive approach. The population used in this study was 20 people, and the sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The sample size for this study was 10 individuals, with the following requirements: they were Dubas club athletes, were in the U-21 age category, and had participated in the Regency POPDA (Sports Activity Development Program). Results The results of this study indicate that the average effective shoulder angle during shooting ranges from 108° to 117.5°. Conclusion For produce effective and efficient shooting required exercise intense , will but exercises performed Keep going continuously will increase risk of overuse.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tania Arlita Safitri Prastiwi, Fajar Awang Irawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect Of Massage Manual Therapy And Kinesiotaping Towards The Reduction Of Swelling, Pain, And Improvement Of Motor Function In Ankle Injury
Background Ankle injuries are common among athletes and physically active individuals, often resulting in swelling, pain, and limited motor function. Effective rehabilitation strategies are essential to accelerate recovery and restore functional performance. Manual massage therapy and kinesiotaping (KT) are widely applied therapeutic techniques believed to support healing and improve outcomes in musculoskeletal injuries. Objectives This study aims to investigate the effect of manual massage therapy combined with kinesiotaping on swelling reduction, pain relief, and motor function improvement in patients with ankle injuries at Bengkel Terapi Masase Cedera Olahraga Mafaza. Methods This research used a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. A purposive sample of 16 participants was selected from a population of 46 individuals with ankle injuries. The intervention consisted of 20 minutes of manual massage therapy combined with kinesiotaping. Swelling was measured using a tape measure, pain intensity was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and motor function was evaluated with the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI). Measurements were conducted before and after therapy. Data analysis employed a paired t-test to determine differences between pretest and posttest results. Results The intervention significantly reduced swelling, pain, and improved joint function, with all outcomes showing a p-value < 0.001. Conclusion Manual massage therapy combined with kinesiotaping is effective in reducing swelling, alleviating pain, and enhancing motor function in individuals with ankle injuries, and may be recommended as part of rehabilitation management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Reka Atmada Ranti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of core stability exercise on low back pain and functional disability: An experimental study on fitness enthusiasts
Background Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints experienced by active individuals, especially fitness enthusiasts. One training method that is widely used to address this problem is core stability training, which focuses on strengthening the core muscles of the body to improve stability and reduce the risk of injury. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of core stability exercises in reducing low back pain and improving functional abilities in individuals who are active in fitness activities. Methods This study involved 30 fitness enthusiasts who experienced complaints of low back pain. The research design used a pretest-posttest approach to measure changes in pain levels and functional abilities before and after core stability exercise intervention. Measurement of pain levels was carried out using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), while functional ability was assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26 software. Results The results showed a significant decrease in pain levels, with a pretest VAS mean score of 5.80 decreasing to 3.10 at posttest. In addition, there was an increase in functional ability as indicated by a decrease in ODI score from an average of 28.50 to 15.20 after intervention. Statistical tests showed that core stability exercises had a significant effect on reducing pain and improving functional abilities (p<0.05). Conclusion This study confirms that core stability training is an effective training method to reduce low back pain and improve functional ability in fitness enthusiasts. It not only strengthens core muscles and improves body stability, but also contributes positively to daily activities and exercise performance. Therefore, the integration of core stability exercises is recommended in rehabilitation and low back injury prevention programs for active individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indonesian Journal Of Exercise Therapy And Rehabilitation
The effect of neuromuscular training on reducing the risk of sports injuries: A systematic review
Background Neuromuscular training is important for improving motor control, balance, and joint stability, making it effective in preventing sports injuries. However, limitations in the number of studies, variations in intervention design, and lack of long-term analysis are barriers to drawing broader conclusions. Objectives This systematic review aims to analyze the effect of neuromuscular training on reducing the risk of sports injuries. Methods This study followed the PRISMA guidelines by reviewing articles from Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. The article search and selection strategy was conducted using several major scientific databases, namely Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed. The keywords used in the search included "neuromuscular training," "injury prevention," "sports performance," "athletes," and "rehabilitation". Eight studies were selected based on the criteria of relevance to neuromuscular training and injury prevention. Results Neuromuscular training has been shown to reduce the risk of injury, improve neuromuscular function and improve balance. Effectiveness is influenced by the duration, intensity and consistency of the exercises. This systematic review confirms that neuromuscular training (NMT) is an effective approach in reducing the risk of sports injuries, especially to the lower extremities, through improved neuromuscular control, joint stability, dynamic balance and more efficient biomechanics of motion. Conclusion Neuromuscular training is an effective strategy for sports injury prevention and is recommended as part of an athlete's training program. Further studies with more uniform methodology and longer follow-up periods are needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khatulistiwa Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation
Impact of stretching and strengthening combination exercise therapy for knee overuse injury management: A study in recreational runners
Background Knee overuse injury is one of the common problems in sports, especially in activities with high movement repetitions. Proper treatment is needed to speed up recovery and prevent recurrent injuries. One method that is widely used in rehabilitation is stretching and strengthening combination exercise therapy. Objectives This study aims to determine the impact of stretching and strengthening combination exercise therapy on knee overuse injury management, especially in reducing pain and increasing knee joint range of motion (ROM). Methods This study used an experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group design. Participants amounted to 20 people who experienced knee overuse injury, divided into two groups, namely the experimental group who received stretching and strengthening combination exercise therapy treatment, and the control group without treatment. The intervention was carried out for 4 weeks with a frequency of exercise 3 times a week. Measurement instruments include Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain and goniometer for ROM. Data analysis used paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test with the help of SPSS version 26. Results The results showed a significant decrease in pain scores from pretest to posttest in the experimental group, from an average of 5.20 to 2.10. Similarly, the knee ROM increased from an average of 112.50° to 128.80°. Meanwhile, the control group showed no significant changes. Statistical test results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Stretching and strengthening combination exercise therapy is effective in knee overuse injury management, especially to reduce pain and increase knee ROM. However, this study still has limitations in the relatively short duration of intervention and has not controlled the participants' physical activity outside the training session. Future research is recommended to involve a longer duration and tighter activity control.
The role of exercise therapy in scoliosis management: A systematic review of therapeutic approaches and clinical outcomes
Background Scoliosis is a condition of spinal deformity that can affect posture, balance, and quality of life, requiring effective therapeutic management. It can be idiopathic, congenital or neuromuscular, with cases of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis being the most common form. Objectives This study aims to explore the role of exercise therapy in reducing the degree of COBB, improving balance, and improving motor function in patients with scoliosis. Methods The method used was a systematic review of various experimental studies and clinical trials focusing on exercise therapy for scoliosis, such as the Schroth method, Pilates, and proprioceptive exercises. These studies were selected based on certain criteria from the scientific database, PubMed. Results The results of this review show that exercise therapy, especially scoliosis-specific exercises, are effective in reducing the degree of spinal curvature, improving postural balance, and improving motor function, although the success of these therapies is influenced by factors such as duration, intensity, and patient compliance with the exercise program. Some therapeutic methods, such as Schroth and Pilates exercises, have significant results in reducing scoliosis symptoms in patients with mild to moderate degrees of curvature. Conclusion Exercise therapy is an effective approach in managing scoliosis, with the potential to improve posture and quality of life. However, further research is needed to develop more specific and more effective therapy protocols in managing scoliosis, as well as to explore its impact in the long term.
Impact of isometric exercise on pain management in acute and chronic sports injuries: A systematic review
Background Isometric exercises have become one of the most widely used exercise intervention methods in the rehabilitation process of sports injuries, particularly in pain management. The use of isometric exercises is growing due to their ability to provide analgesic effects while maintaining muscle strength during the injury recovery phase. Objectives This systematic review aims to analyze the effect, mechanism of action and effectiveness of isometric exercises in managing pain in acute and chronic sports injuries based on the latest scientific findings. Methods This study was organized based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with article searches through the Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed databases. A total of 8 articles were selected based on the inclusion criteria focusing on the use of isometric exercises in sports injury pain management. Results The results of the review showed that isometric exercises are able to provide short-term analgesic effects through the mechanisms of central pain modulation, increased pain threshold, and inhibition of nociceptive input. In addition, isometric exercises also play a role in maintaining muscle strength, preventing atrophy, and supporting the rehabilitation process without overloading the injured tissues. However, the effectiveness of isometric exercises is highly dependent on the dose, frequency, duration, injury site and individual response. Strong evidence supports its effectiveness in cases of tendinopathy, whereas in acute injuries such as muscle strains or ankle sprain it still requires further research. Conclusion This review confirms that isometric exercises have an important role in pain management and rehabilitation of sports injuries, especially in the early phase of recovery. Expectations for future research are the need for studies with more robust experimental designs, involving a more diverse population of athletes, measurement of more specific pain biomarker parameters, as well as long-term exploration of the effects of isometric exercise on the prevention of recurrent injuries and return to optimal sports performance.