The relationship between arm muscle strength and volleyball service results: A Meta-Analysis Study

Abstract

Background

Arm muscle strength is a key physical component in volleyball, especially in supporting serving ability. Effective and accurate serves are crucial factors that influence the course of the game and the team’s chances of winning. Although numerous studies have examined the relationship between arm muscle strength and serve performance, significant variations in results and differences in measurement methods pose challenges to deriving valid conclusions

Objectives

This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effect of arm muscle strength on volleyball serve performance through a meta-analysis, providing empirical evidence to assist coaches and athletes in designing more effective training programs.

Methods

A meta-analysis was conducted by collecting 21 relevant studies published between 2020 and 2025, identified through an online search on Google Scholar. Effect sizes were calculated and analyzed using a random effects model to accommodate data heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s test.

Results

The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between arm muscle strength and volleyball serve outcomes, with a high effect size (r\_RE = 1.301, p < 0.001). Despite substantial heterogeneity among studies (I² = 82.15%), no evidence of publication bias was found (p = 0.760). These results reinforce the important role of arm muscle strength in enhancing serve performance.

Conclusion

Arm muscle strength is a fundamental factor influencing successful volleyball serves. Focused strength training is highly recommended to improve athlete performance. These findings provide a valuable reference for developing more effective and measurable training programs.